reference: anaphoric references
Scope
The type reference is used to mark
anaphoric expressions such as it
that explicitly reference
previous expressions in scope of the annotation but are not (in their
immediate context) recognizable as referencing a particular semantic
class.
Syntactic constraints
None.
Examples
-
it
the algorithm is well-known but it is not well understood T1 PLAN 4 13 algorithm T2 QUALITY 17 27 well-known T3 REFERENCE 32 34 it T4 MODALITY 38 41 not T5 QUALITY 42 46 well T6 PROCESS 47 57 understood -
that
solve problems that arise in the evaluation T1 PROCESS 0 5 solve T2 PLAN 6 14 problems T3 REFERENCE 15 19 that T4 PROCESS 20 25 arise T5 PROCESS 33 43 evaluation -
they
words are indexed in a sentence where they are found T1 DATA-ITEM 0 5 words T2 PROCESS 9 17 indexed T3 DATA-ITEM 22 31 sentence T4 REFERENCE 32 37 where T5 REFERENCE 38 42 they T6 PROCESS 47 52 found -
which
a server which serves only one job at a time T1 PLAN-OR-PROCESS 2 8 server T2 REFERENCE 9 14 which T3 PROCESS 15 21 serves T4 QUALITY 22 26 only T5 QUANTITY 27 30 one T6 PLAN 31 34 job T7 QUALITY 35 44 at a time -
its
evaluate the system and improve its performance T1 PROCESS 0 8 evaluate T2 PLAN 13 19 system T3 PROCESS 24 31 improve T4 REFERENCE 32 35 its T5 QUALITY 36 47 performance -
their
representation of near-synonyms and their contexts T1 DATA-ITEM 0 14 representation T2 DATA-ITEM 18 31 near-synonyms T3 REFERENCE 36 41 their T4 DATA-ITEM 42 50 contexts -
whose
class of compound nouns whose head noun is derived from a verb T1 DATA-ITEM 0 5 class T2 DATA-ITEM 9 23 compound nowns T4 REFERENCE 24 29 whose T5 DATA-ITEM 30 39 head noun T6 PROCESS 43 50 derived T7 DATA-ITEM 58 62 verb -
she
an user searches databases to find information he/she needs T1 PERSON 3 7 user T2 PROCESS 8 16 searches T3 DATA-ITEM 17 26 databases T4 PROCESS 30 34 find T5 DATA-ITEM 35 46 information T6 REFERENCE 47 49 he T7 REFERENCE 50 53 she T8 PROCESS 54 59 needs
Further details
Expressions such as this system
, that approach
, these
results
and similar, where the immediate context of the
referencing expression identifies a semantic class, are not annotated
as reference but rather with that
class. Additionally, pleonastic uses of potentially referencing
expressions (e.g. it [is clear that]
are not annotated, nor are
referencing uses where the referent is out of the scope of the
annotation (e.g. [in the conclusions] … there
).
References
See also coreference relation annotation guidelines.